Natural Processes
Mechanistic (0) — Purposeful (100) · one of the 20 worldview axes
The six statements
Each axis is measured by six statements answered on a five-point scale. Statements 1, 2 and 5 pull toward Mechanistic; 3, 4 and 6 toward Purposeful.
- Things in nature are just matter obeying physical laws; there is no built-in direction or goal in any of it.
- When we say a heart is "for" pumping blood, that is just a useful shorthand; nature itself has no purposes, only causes.
- Living things have real built-in goals and ends, not merely the ones humans project onto them.
- You cannot fully understand what a thing is without knowing what it is for; purpose is part of its nature.
- Evolution explains everything that looks designed in living things without any goal or intention being involved.
- Watching a spider rebuild its web the same way every time, it is hard to avoid the sense that it is genuinely aimed at something.
Toward Mechanistic (53)
- 🫧 Democritus of Abdera0
- 🜍 Baron d'Holbach0
- 🔭 Mario Augusto Bunge0
- 🌐 David Kellogg Lewis3
- 🍞 Peter Kropotkin3
- 🕰️ Pierre-Simon Laplace3
- 🛰️ Carl Edward Sagan4
- 🚫 J. L. Mackie4
- 衡 Wang Chong4
- 💭 René Descartes5
- 👑 Thomas Hobbes5
- 🧐 Claude Adrien Helvétius5
- ✔️ A. J. Ayer5
- 🔠 Rudolf Carnap6
- 🏴 Mikhail Bakunin9
- 🚢 Otto Neurath9
- 🧠 Daniel Dennett10
- 📢 Robert G. Ingersoll12
- 🍇 Epicurus of Samos13
- 👓 Baruch Spinoza13
- ⚛️ Titus Lucretius Carus13
- 🔢 Bertrand Russell17
- 🧱 Xunzi (Xun Kuang)17
- ⚡ Nikola Tesla18
- 🦎 Charles Robert Darwin19
- 📰 Christopher Hitchens20
- ⛓️ Friedrich Engels20
- 🗂️ Denis Diderot21
- 🪸 Ernst Haeckel22
- ⇄ Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises25
- 🌗 Galileo Galilei25
- 🍀 Bernard Arthur Owen Williams25
- ∫ Albert Einstein25
- 🏭 Robert Owen25
- ⚖️ Jeremy Bentham25
- 📐 Auguste Comte25
- 🎲 David Hume25
- 🎭 Arthur Schopenhauer25
- ☭ Karl Marx25
- ❌ Karl Popper25
- 🕸️ Willard Van Orman Quine25
- 🪞 Richard Rorty25
- 👹 Max Stirner (Johann Kaspar Schmidt)25
- 📕 Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu25
- 🔎 Dharmakīrti25
- 💻 Alan Turing25
- 中 Sun Yat-sen25
- 📽️ Ludwig Feuerbach25
- 📊 John Stuart Mill29
- 🪛 Sir Francis Bacon32
- 🧗 Johann Gottlieb Fichte33
- 🪒 William of Ockham36
- ➰ Giovanni Gentile38
Between the poles (1)
Toward Purposeful (101)
- ⏳ Henri Bergson100
- 👁️ George Berkeley100
- 🙏 Anselm of Canterbury100
- 🐂 Thomas Aquinas100
- 🛖 Heȟáka Sápa (Black Elk)100
- 🧎 Joseph Butler100
- 🌙 Levi ben Gershon (Ralbag)100
- ✵ Emanuel Swedenborg (born Emanuel Swedberg)100
- 🪜 Gregory of Nyssa97
- 🗡️ Francisco Suárez97
- Θ Iamblichus of Chalcis96
- 💘 Augustine of Hippo96
- ⚭ Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (Владимир Сергеевич Соловьёв)96
- 🫥 Meister Eckhart95
- 🕌 Abu Hamid al-Ghazali95
- 🔔 Motoori Norinaga (本居宣長)95
- 🦉 Aristotle94
- 📖 Ibn Rushd (Averroes)93
- 🧒 Maria Montessori93
- 🪽 Bonaventure of Bagnoregio91
- ☞ Moses Maimonides90
- 🎼 Maximus the Confessor89
- ⚙️ Alfred North Whitehead88
- ♫ Johannes Kepler88
- 🗺 Andrés de Jesús María y José Bello López88
- 📈 Florence Nightingale85
- ❄ Konstantin Nikolayevich Leontiev (Константин Николаевич Леонтьев)85
- ⌛ Samuel Clarke84
- 🎡 Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius83
- 🎯 Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre82
- 退 Yi Hwang (Toegye)80
- 🔯 Sri Aurobindo (Aurobindo Ghose)80
- ✍ Celsus (Kelsos), author of The True Doctrine (Alethes Logos)80
- 🖼️ John of Damascus79
- 🌄 Jakob Böhme75
- ⛩️ Alan Watts75
- 🌹 Mary Wollstonecraft75
- 💠 Anton Wilhelm Amo75
- 🔆 Zärʾä Yaʿqob75
- 🐦 Charles Hartshorne75
- 🐚 Madhva (Madhvacharya)75
- 📅 Charles Fourier75
- 🦂 Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus)75
- ☿ Hermes Trismegistus75
- ♃ Marsilio Ficino75
- 🎧 Gabriel Marcel75
- 🌷 Edith Stein (Teresa Benedicta)75
- 🕎 Philo of Alexandria75
- 天 Dong Zhongshu75
- 📡 Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi75
- 🏙️ Abu Nasr al-Farabi75
- 💰 Adam Smith75
- 🌌 Hasdai Crescas75
- ⚗️ Theophrastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus)75
- ◉ Viola F. Cordova75
- 🪴 Porphyry of Tyre75
- 🌲 Ralph Waldo Emerson75
- 🪺 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling75
- ☧ Clement of Alexandria75
- 🪐 Proclus Lycius Diadochus75
- 🎹 Pythagoras of Samos75
- 密 Kūkai (Kōbō Daishi)75
- ☄ Sir Isaac Newton75
- 💡 Mulla Sadra75
- 理 Zhu Xi75
- 🎓 Thomas Reid75
- 🌼 Mengzi (Mencius)75
- 🎈 G.K. Chesterton75
- 🦁 C.S. Lewis75
- 🔮 Helena Blavatsky75
- 💃 Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi75
- 🌳 Johannes Scotus Eriugena75
- ◐ Nicholas of Cusa75
- Duns Scotus75
- 🎵 Hildegard of Bingen75
- 🌅 Origen of Alexandria75
- ✨ Gregory Palamas75
- 🌺 Sri Ramakrishna75
- 🛡️ Marcus Aurelius75
- 💊 Ibn Sina (Avicenna)75
- 🕉️ Adi Shankara75
- 🌞 Tommaso Campanella75
- 🔣 Charles Sanders Peirce75
- ☥ René Guénon75
- ➿ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel75
- 📏 Immanuel Kant75
- 🧲 Anne Conway75
- 🎶 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz75
- 🔥 Giordano Bruno75
- ☀️ Plotinus75
- 🏛️ Plato75
- 🌡️ Pierre Gassendi75
- 🏟️ Marsilius of Padua (Marsilio dei Mainardini)75
- 🗞️ Thomas Paine75
- 🚬 Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe75
- ✶ Dante Alighieri75
- 气 Wang Fuzhi (Chuanshan)71
- 💫 Longchen Rabjam (Longchenpa)71
- 🚋 Philippa Ruth Foot69
- ⦿ Nicolas Malebranche67
- 🦬 Vine Deloria Jr.63
245 thinkers have no sourced position on this axis and are omitted rather than guessed.