Ethics
Ends (0) — Means (100) · one of the 20 worldview axes
The six statements
Each axis is measured by six statements answered on a five-point scale. Statements 1, 2 and 5 pull toward Ends; 3, 4 and 6 toward Means.
- The right action is whichever produces the best overall outcome.
- A strict moral rule that predictably causes greater harm than breaking it would cause should be broken.
- Some actions are wrong in themselves no matter how good the results of doing them would be.
- The character and intention behind an act are part of what makes it right or wrong.
- A doctor who lies to a dying patient to give them peaceful last weeks has done the right thing.
- A whistleblower who exposes corruption at great personal cost has done something intrinsically admirable.
Toward Ends (24)
- 法 Han Fei6
- ⚖️ Jeremy Bentham8
- 🦊 Niccolò Machiavelli10
- 👹 Max Stirner (Johann Kaspar Schmidt)12
- ➗ Henry Sidgwick18
- 📊 John Stuart Mill19
- 同 Kang Youwei (康有為)20
- Ⓧ Malcolm X (El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz), born Malcolm Little20
- 🧮 Mo Di20
- ⇄ Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises25
- ⧗ Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg)25
- 🌁 John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes25
- 🌡️ Pierre Gassendi25
- 🗂️ Denis Diderot25
- 🪸 Ernst Haeckel25
- 🚢 Otto Neurath25
- ⭐ Hồ Chí Minh25
- ✊ Ernesto "Che" Guevara25
- 🤖 Julien Offray de La Mettrie25
- 🍞 Peter Kropotkin28
- 👑 Thomas Hobbes31
- 🜍 Baron d'Holbach33
- ⏸️ J.M.E. McTaggart35
- 🎲 David Hume38
Between the poles (16)
- ❌ Karl Popper41
- 🏭 Robert Owen44
- 🧠 Daniel Dennett44
- 📺 Herbert Marcuse46
- ⚱️ Isaac Luria (ha-Ari)50
- 🔭 Mario Augusto Bunge50
- ⛩️ Alan Watts50
- ⏳ Henri Bergson54
- 🪺 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling54
- 🧐 Claude Adrien Helvétius55
- 中 Sun Yat-sen55
- 🔦 Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi56
- ⊙ Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi56
- ☿ Hermes Trismegistus56
- 🔥 Giordano Bruno58
- 💎 Kundakunda (Ācārya Kundakunda; Prakrit Kundakunda / Padmanandin)60
Toward Means (76)
- 🧹 Vardhamana Mahavira (Nigantha Nataputta / Jnatrputra), महावीर वर्धमान100
- ☴ Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa (Pali: Buddhaghosa)100
- 🚬 Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe97
- 🙏 Anselm of Canterbury96
- ∅ Marguerite Porete (Lat. Margareta Porete; of Hainaut)96
- 📏 Immanuel Kant94
- 🧵 Mohandas K. Gandhi94
- ⚑ Thomas Müntzer94
- ✠ Sir Thomas More (Thomas Morus)94
- 🗡️ Francisco Suárez92
- 退 Yi Hwang (Toegye)90
- ✵ Emanuel Swedenborg (born Emanuel Swedberg)90
- 🪒 William of Ockham88
- 🖼️ John of Damascus88
- 🔺 Blaise Pascal88
- ⛵ Edward Wilmot Blyden85
- 🐟 Empedocles of Acragas (Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ὁ Ἀκραγαντῖνος)85
- ❦ John Calvin84
- 🎓 Thomas Reid84
- 🧎 Joseph Butler84
- 🍀 Bernard Arthur Owen Williams83
- ⚭ Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (Владимир Сергеевич Соловьёв)83
- ⌛ Samuel Clarke81
- 🎗️ Maximilien Robespierre81
- 𓂀 William Blake81
- 🧗 Johann Gottlieb Fichte80
- 🕌 Abu Hamid al-Ghazali80
- 智 Mou Zongsan (牟宗三)80
- ✶ Dante Alighieri80
- 🪯 Guru Nanak (ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ), Nanak Dev80
- 🛞 Siddhattha Gotama / Siddhartha Gautama (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), the Buddha80
- ⛓️💥 Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey)80
- ⦿ Nicolas Malebranche80
- 🦅 Marcus Tullius Cicero79
- 🛡️ Marcus Aurelius79
- 👤 Emmanuel Levinas79
- ❄ Konstantin Nikolayevich Leontiev (Константин Николаевич Леонтьев)79
- 🪪 Hammurabi of Babylon75
- ☮ Martin Luther King Jr.75
- 🐚 Madhva (Madhvacharya)75
- 🦂 Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus)75
- 🕯 Juan De La Cruz (John of the Cross)75
- 💰 Adam Smith75
- 🌌 Hasdai Crescas75
- ☧ Clement of Alexandria75
- ⛪ John Zizioulas75
- 🕶️ John Rawls75
- 🌼 Mengzi (Mencius)75
- ♄ Simone Weil75
- Duns Scotus75
- 🌅 Origen of Alexandria75
- ☞ Moses Maimonides75
- 🦘 Søren Kierkegaard75
- 🎭 Arthur Schopenhauer75
- 🐂 Thomas Aquinas75
- 🦉 Aristotle75
- 🌙 Levi ben Gershon (Ralbag)75
- 🚋 Philippa Ruth Foot75
- 🎯 Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre75
- 🔗 bell hooks (Gloria Jean Watkins)75
- ⚘ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe75
- 🪴 Porphyry of Tyre72
- 🪐 Proclus Lycius Diadochus71
- ◐ Nicholas of Cusa71
- ❤️🔥 Harry Gordon Frankfurt71
- 🌹 Mary Wollstonecraft70
- 🌍 Thomas Sankara69
- 🌳 Johannes Scotus Eriugena69
- 🏹 Homer69
- 🗞️ Thomas Paine69
- 💀 Philipp Mainländer (Philipp Batz)67
- 🖋️ Michel de Montaigne67
- ♀️ Simone de Beauvoir67
- 📘 Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar66
- 🏛️ Plato63
- ✎ George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair)63
284 thinkers have no sourced position on this axis and are omitted rather than guessed.