Conviction
Uncertain (0) — Certain (100) · one of the 20 worldview axes
The six statements
Each axis is measured by six statements answered on a five-point scale. Statements 1, 2 and 5 pull toward Uncertain; 3, 4 and 6 toward Certain.
- Any deeply held belief I have, no matter how obvious it feels, might turn out to be wrong.
- A thoughtful person should be willing to abandon their position if a better argument comes along.
- On the most important questions doubt is a form of weakness.
- Some truths are so clearly right that to keep questioning them is to play games with what you already understand.
- A scholar who spends thirty years changing her mind twice as evidence comes in has lived well.
- A saint who would rather die than renounce her faith has seen something real.
Toward Uncertain (84)
- 🛰️ Carl Edward Sagan0
- 🐖 Pyrrho of Elis0
- 🔠 Rudolf Carnap0
- 🤷 Sextus Empiricus0
- 🃏 François-Marie Arouet0
- 🍞 Peter Kropotkin0
- 📢 Robert G. Ingersoll0
- 🍀 Bernard Arthur Owen Williams3
- 🚢 Otto Neurath3
- 🔢 Bertrand Russell4
- 🔣 Charles Sanders Peirce4
- 📊 John Stuart Mill5
- ❌ Karl Popper6
- 🏭 Robert Owen9
- 🔭 Mario Augusto Bunge9
- ➗ Henry Sidgwick11
- ⛩️ Alan Watts11
- 🎲 David Hume13
- 🏫 John Dewey13
- 🪁 Benjamin Franklin14
- 🎆 Octavio Paz Lozano15
- 🍄 Terence Kemp McKenna15
- 🜍 Baron d'Holbach15
- 📰 Christopher Hitchens18
- 👂 Hans-Georg Gadamer19
- 🐉 Laozi19
- ⟳ Jorge Luis Borges20
- ✔️ A. J. Ayer21
- ⧗ Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg)25
- ✎ George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair)25
- ⚘ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe25
- 👣 Guo Xiang (郭象), courtesy name Zixuan 子玄25
- ✿ Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (Novalis)25
- ⧉ William Edward Burghardt Du Bois25
- 🌁 John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes25
- 🛞 Siddhattha Gotama / Siddhartha Gautama (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), the Buddha25
- 🫒 Desiderius Erasmus25
- ⛓️ Friedrich Engels25
- 🦎 Charles Robert Darwin25
- ❤️🔥 Harry Gordon Frankfurt25
- 🌡️ Pierre Gassendi25
- 🗂️ Denis Diderot25
- 🏴 Mikhail Bakunin25
- 🗝 John Locke25
- ♀️ Simone de Beauvoir25
- ☂️ Paul Feyerabend25
- 🗳️ Hannah Arendt25
- 🪞 Richard Rorty25
- 🌿 William James25
- 🦋 Zhuangzi25
- 🔓 Michel Foucault25
- ✂️ Jacques Derrida25
- 🧍 Protagoras of Abdera25
- 🕶️ John Rawls25
- 🦅 Marcus Tullius Cicero25
- 🌐 David Kellogg Lewis25
- 🎻 Theodor W. Adorno25
- 🧩 Jean-François Lyotard25
- ⚛️ Titus Lucretius Carus25
- 💰 Adam Smith25
- ➰ Giovanni Gentile25
- 🕰️ Pierre-Simon Laplace25
- 🏠 Jane Addams25
- 🚫 J. L. Mackie25
- Ⓐ Pierre-Joseph Proudhon25
- 衡 Wang Chong25
- 🚋 Philippa Ruth Foot28
- 📘 Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar28
- ∫ Albert Einstein28
- 🧠 Daniel Dennett28
- 🪛 Sir Francis Bacon29
- 退 Yi Hwang (Toegye)30
- 🪒 William of Ockham30
- 🔆 Zärʾä Yaʿqob30
- 💠 Anton Wilhelm Amo30
- 🌰 Sophie Bosede Oluwole30
- ⚙️ Alfred North Whitehead31
- 🎯 Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre32
- 🌙 Levi ben Gershon (Ralbag)32
- 🧎 Joseph Butler34
- ⛓️💥 Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey)35
- 🌎 Simon Bolivar (El Libertador)35
- ✒️ José Rizal36
- 🧵 Mohandas K. Gandhi38
Between the poles (11)
- 🌹 Mary Wollstonecraft40
- ⏸️ J.M.E. McTaggart41
- 🔦 Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi42
- ⊙ Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi42
- 🗞️ Thomas Paine45
- 🏛️ Plato45
- ♄ Simone Weil50
- 🎓 Thomas Reid54
- ⌛ Samuel Clarke56
- 中 Sun Yat-sen57
- 🌍 Thomas Sankara58
Toward Certain (54)
- 𓂀 William Blake100
- 🪜 Gregory of Nyssa96
- 🖼️ John of Damascus91
- 🦢 Martin Luther88
- 🗻 Giulio Cesare Andrea 'Julius' Evola88
- 💫 Longchen Rabjam (Longchenpa)86
- 🌻 Nichiren86
- ❄ Konstantin Nikolayevich Leontiev (Константин Николаевич Леонтьев)83
- 🦂 Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus)81
- ☌ Hadewijch of Brabant (Haywigis)81
- ☴ Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa (Pali: Buddhaghosa)81
- 🌺 Sri Ramakrishna80
- 🪽 Bonaventure of Bagnoregio79
- 🩰 Friedrich Schiller79
- 信 Shinran (親鸞)79
- ∅ Marguerite Porete (Lat. Margareta Porete; of Hainaut)79
- 🧗 Johann Gottlieb Fichte75
- 🐚 Madhva (Madhvacharya)75
- 🧘 Tsongkhapa Lobsang Drakpa75
- 🕯 Juan De La Cruz (John of the Cross)75
- ℵ Georg Cantor75
- 🎨 Zeno of Citium75
- ⚗️ Theophrastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus)75
- 💔 Husayn ibn Mansur al-Hallaj75
- 🪴 Porphyry of Tyre75
- 🎹 Pythagoras of Samos75
- 🪢 Patañjali75
- 🌼 Mengzi (Mencius)75
- Duns Scotus75
- 🎵 Hildegard of Bingen75
- 👑 Thomas Hobbes75
- 🕌 Abu Hamid al-Ghazali75
- 🛕 Ramanuja75
- 🌞 Tommaso Campanella75
- ☭ Karl Marx75
- 🦘 Søren Kierkegaard75
- 🎭 Arthur Schopenhauer75
- 📏 Immanuel Kant75
- 🎡 Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius75
- 🙏 Anselm of Canterbury75
- ⚖️ Jeremy Bentham75
- ⭕ Parmenides of Elea75
- 🦉 Aristotle75
- 🏔️ José Carlos Mariátegui75
- 🧶 Kabir (Kabir Das)75
- 💒 Bernard of Clairvaux75
- 🐢 Ge Hong70
- ⚑ Thomas Müntzer70
- 🦁 C.S. Lewis67
- ✠ Sir Thomas More (Thomas Morus)67
- 🚬 Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe66
- ☞ Moses Maimonides65
- ➿ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel65
- 🏜️ Abu Zayd Abd ar-Rahman ibn Khaldun63
251 thinkers have no sourced position on this axis and are omitted rather than guessed.