Polity
Illiberalism (0) — Liberalism (100) · one of the 20 worldview axes
The six statements
Each axis is measured by six statements answered on a five-point scale. Statements 1, 2 and 5 pull toward Illiberalism; 3, 4 and 6 toward Liberalism.
- When freedom and equality clash, freedom should win.
- The government should stay neutral between different ways of living and let people choose for themselves.
- The government has a real duty to restrict some freedoms in order to promote virtue and moral character in its citizens.
- A society whose schools teach only skills and never shared values gradually loses the bonds that hold it together.
- A person who is free to read what they like, say what they think, and live as they choose is better off than one whose choices are shaped by the state.
- A parent who lets their child do whatever they want "to respect their autonomy" has abandoned their responsibility; and a state that treats citizens the same way does the same.
Toward Illiberalism (59)
- ✠ Sir Thomas More (Thomas Morus)5
- 退 Yi Hwang (Toegye)5
- 🪖 Benito Mussolini5
- ⚑ Thomas Müntzer6
- 🏛️ Plato8
- ➰ Giovanni Gentile8
- ❄ Konstantin Nikolayevich Leontiev (Константин Николаевич Леонтьев)10
- 🕌 Abu Hamid al-Ghazali10
- 🏭 Robert Owen11
- 🗻 Giulio Cesare Andrea 'Julius' Evola12
- 🎗️ Maximilien Robespierre12
- 🔨 Mao Zedong12
- 🌍 Thomas Sankara12
- ☞ Moses Maimonides15
- 🐘 Aśoka Maurya (अशोक; in his own inscriptions Devānāṃpiya Piyadasi)17
- 📖 Ibn Rushd (Averroes)17
- 同 Kang Youwei (康有為)19
- ⚜️ Edmund Burke19
- ❦ John Calvin19
- 🜨 Carl Schmitt25
- 🎯 Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre25
- 🧎 Joseph Butler25
- ⛏️ Gerrard Winstanley25
- 🪸 Ernst Haeckel25
- 🦉 Aristotle25
- ♨️ Heraclitus of Ephesus25
- 🐂 Thomas Aquinas25
- ☭ Karl Marx25
- ✊ Ernesto "Che" Guevara25
- 🗳️ Hannah Arendt25
- 🌞 Tommaso Campanella25
- 仁 Kongzi (Confucius)25
- 💊 Ibn Sina (Avicenna)25
- 🧱 Xunzi (Xun Kuang)25
- 👑 Thomas Hobbes25
- 🦊 Niccolò Machiavelli25
- ⚔️ Taqi ad-Din Ibn Taymiyyah25
- 🧮 Mo Di25
- 🩸 Tlacaelel I25
- 🪶 Lucius Annaeus Seneca25
- ◨ Epictetus of Hierapolis25
- 🐢 Ge Hong25
- 🔒 Antonio Gramsci25
- 法 Han Fei25
- 天 Dong Zhongshu25
- ☉ Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)25
- 📙 Leo Strauss25
- 🌸 Nezahualcoyotl25
- 🪪 Hammurabi of Babylon25
- 🧗 Johann Gottlieb Fichte25
- 中 Sun Yat-sen25
- 🐝 Émile Durkheim25
- 🌼 Mengzi (Mencius)28
- ✦ Kwame Nkrumah31
- 🗺 Andrés de Jesús María y José Bello López33
- 🚬 Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe34
- ⚭ Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (Владимир Сергеевич Соловьёв)37
- 🦅 Marcus Tullius Cicero37
- ☮ Martin Luther King Jr.37
Between the poles (9)
- 🌎 Simon Bolivar (El Libertador)40
- ♄ Simone Weil41
- 🥁 John Mbiti42
- 智 Mou Zongsan (牟宗三)45
- 🚋 Philippa Ruth Foot46
- 良 Wang Yangming46
- 🪒 William of Ockham50
- 🔭 Mario Augusto Bunge56
- 🙇 Friedrich Schleiermacher58
Toward Liberalism (58)
- 🦔 Friedrich August von Hayek100
- 🃏 François-Marie Arouet100
- ⇄ Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises100
- 🏘️ Robert Nozick96
- 💵 Ayn Rand94
- 🏴 Mikhail Bakunin94
- 📰 Christopher Hitchens94
- 🍞 Peter Kropotkin93
- 🕶️ John Rawls92
- 🜍 Baron d'Holbach92
- 🍄 Terence Kemp McKenna90
- 🔤 Wilhelm von Humboldt88
- 📊 John Stuart Mill87
- ⛓️💥 Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey)87
- 𓂀 William Blake87
- ⛲ H. L. A. Hart85
- ✒️ José Rizal83
- 📢 Robert G. Ingersoll81
- 📏 Immanuel Kant81
- ✋ Ursula K. Le Guin81
- 🫒 Desiderius Erasmus81
- ✎ George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair)81
- 💰 Adam Smith80
- 🗝 John Locke80
- 🌊 Futa Helu79
- ⛩️ Alan Watts75
- 💬 Jürgen Habermas75
- 📕 Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu75
- 🎻 Theodor W. Adorno75
- 📓 Albert Camus75
- 🔓 Michel Foucault75
- 🦋 Zhuangzi75
- 🪞 Richard Rorty75
- ❌ Karl Popper75
- ☂️ Paul Feyerabend75
- ♀️ Simone de Beauvoir75
- 👓 Baruch Spinoza75
- ⚖️ Jeremy Bentham75
- 🖤 Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade75
- 🔠 Rudolf Carnap75
- 🗂️ Denis Diderot75
- 🦱 Yang Zhu (楊朱)75
- 📘 Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar75
- 童 Li Zhi (李贄), style name Zhuowu (卓吾)75
- 👣 Guo Xiang (郭象), courtesy name Zixuan 子玄75
- ∫ Albert Einstein72
- 🗞️ Thomas Paine71
- 🌹 Mary Wollstonecraft70
- ⟳ Jorge Luis Borges70
- ✏️ Domingo Faustino Sarmiento70
- 🔆 Zärʾä Yaʿqob70
- 🔢 Bertrand Russell69
- 🎲 David Hume69
- 🍀 Bernard Arthur Owen Williams69
- 🤲 Kwasi Wiredu67
- 🐑 Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville67
- 🧭 Leopoldo Zea62
- ⊨ Peter Frederick Strawson62
274 thinkers have no sourced position on this axis and are omitted rather than guessed.