Ground of Being
Immanence (0) — Transcendence (100) · one of the 20 worldview axes
The six statements
Each axis is measured by six statements answered on a five-point scale. Statements 1, 2 and 5 pull toward Immanence; 3, 4 and 6 toward Transcendence.
- The deepest truths about existence are found within the natural world, not beyond it.
- The physical universe is all there is, or at least all we can meaningfully know.
- The deepest truth about existence lies beyond the physical world, in a reality that transcends it.
- A person who withdraws from ordinary life to seek a higher reality is reaching for something genuinely real.
- A farmer who finds full meaning in the seasons, the soil, and her neighbors has found everything reality has to offer; nothing lies beyond.
- A monk who leaves the world for decades of contemplation in a cave is reaching for something real that the world itself cannot supply.
Toward Immanence (76)
- 🜃 Ajita Kesakambali (अजित केशकम्बली)0
- ⛓️ Friedrich Engels0
- 🏴 Mikhail Bakunin0
- 🪸 Ernst Haeckel0
- 🔠 Rudolf Carnap0
- 🖤 Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade0
- 💵 Ayn Rand0
- ☭ Karl Marx0
- 🫧 Democritus of Abdera0
- 🜍 Baron d'Holbach0
- 🛋️ Sigmund Freud0
- 🔭 Mario Augusto Bunge0
- 🚫 J. L. Mackie0
- ✔️ A. J. Ayer4
- 🕰️ Pierre-Simon Laplace5
- 📽️ Ludwig Feuerbach6
- 🥸 Friedrich Nietzsche8
- 衡 Wang Chong8
- 🗂️ Denis Diderot9
- 🚢 Otto Neurath9
- 📰 Christopher Hitchens10
- 🚩 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)10
- 🌐 David Kellogg Lewis11
- 🍀 Bernard Arthur Owen Williams12
- 气 Wang Fuzhi (Chuanshan)12
- 📢 Robert G. Ingersoll12
- ⚡ Nikola Tesla13
- 🍇 Epicurus of Samos13
- 📓 Albert Camus13
- 🧐 Claude Adrien Helvétius13
- ⚘ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe15
- 👏 Hakuin Ekaku (白隠慧鶴)15
- 👓 Baruch Spinoza15
- 🎣 Liu Zongyuan17
- 🐝 Émile Durkheim17
- ⛏️ Gerrard Winstanley18
- 🏭 Robert Owen19
- 🏫 John Dewey19
- 🔢 Bertrand Russell21
- 👑 Thomas Hobbes21
- ✎ George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair)25
- 👣 Guo Xiang (郭象), courtesy name Zixuan 子玄25
- 童 Li Zhi (李贄), style name Zhuowu (卓吾)25
- 🛰️ Carl Edward Sagan25
- ⚪ Sengzhao 僧肇25
- 🌇 Huang Zongxi25
- 🚋 Philippa Ruth Foot25
- ∫ Albert Einstein25
- 🏹 Homer25
- 🏔️ José Carlos Mariátegui25
- ⚖️ Jeremy Bentham25
- 🎭 Arthur Schopenhauer25
- ♀️ Simone de Beauvoir25
- 📊 John Stuart Mill25
- 🗳️ Hannah Arendt25
- ❌ Karl Popper25
- 🕸️ Willard Van Orman Quine25
- 🪞 Richard Rorty25
- 🔓 Michel Foucault25
- 🧍 Protagoras of Abdera25
- 🛡️ Marcus Aurelius25
- 🖥️ Jean Baudrillard25
- 👹 Max Stirner (Johann Kaspar Schmidt)25
- 法 Han Fei25
- 💬 Jürgen Habermas25
- 🌊 Futa Helu25
- 💻 Alan Turing25
- 📘 Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar28
- 🔄 Thomas Kuhn28
- 🔥 Giordano Bruno29
- 🎲 David Hume30
- 🖋️ Michel de Montaigne33
- ⛩️ Alan Watts34
- 🔔 Motoori Norinaga (本居宣長)35
- 💫 Longchen Rabjam (Longchenpa)36
- 📺 Herbert Marcuse38
Between the poles (11)
- 中 Sun Yat-sen41
- 密 Kūkai (Kōbō Daishi)42
- ⚗️ Theophrastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus)45
- 📈 Florence Nightingale50
- 退 Yi Hwang (Toegye)50
- ➰ Giovanni Gentile50
- 🪛 Sir Francis Bacon54
- 🪺 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling54
- 🐢 Ge Hong56
- 智 Mou Zongsan (牟宗三)59
- 🧲 Anne Conway59
Toward Transcendence (128)
- 🪽 Bonaventure of Bagnoregio100
- 🪆 Kurt Gödel100
- ✨ Gregory Palamas100
- 👁️ George Berkeley100
- 🙏 Anselm of Canterbury100
- 🐂 Thomas Aquinas100
- 💘 Augustine of Hippo100
- 🔺 Blaise Pascal100
- 💒 Bernard of Clairvaux100
- 🌘 Mani (Middle Persian Mānī; Syriac ܡܐܢܝ Mānī; Greek Μανιχαῖος; Latin Manichaeus)100
- 🩺 Charaka / Caraka (चरक), redactor of the Carakasamhita (चरकसंहिता)100
- 🧹 Vardhamana Mahavira (Nigantha Nataputta / Jnatrputra), महावीर वर्धमान100
- ☍ Marcion of Sinope (Greek Μαρκίων ὁ Σινωπεύς; Latin Marcion Ponticus)100
- 🏚 Valentinus (Οὐαλεντῖνος)100
- 𓂀 William Blake100
- ⁘ Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (أبو الحسن الأشعري)100
- 🎼 Maximus the Confessor97
- 🌑 Dionysios the Areopagite97
- 🗻 Giulio Cesare Andrea 'Julius' Evola97
- 🫥 Meister Eckhart96
- ∅ Marguerite Porete (Lat. Margareta Porete; of Hainaut)96
- ☌ Hadewijch of Brabant (Haywigis)95
- Θ Iamblichus of Chalcis94
- 🕌 Abu Hamid al-Ghazali94
- 🗡️ Francisco Suárez94
- 🏛️ Plato92
- ✶ Dante Alighieri92
- 🛠 Pelagius92
- ⚭ Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (Владимир Сергеевич Соловьёв)92
- 🪜 Gregory of Nyssa91
- ⏸️ J.M.E. McTaggart91
- ⦿ Nicolas Malebranche91
- 💃 Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi90
- 🫒 Desiderius Erasmus90
- ✍ Celsus (Kelsos), author of The True Doctrine (Alethes Logos)90
- Þ John Ronald Reuel Tolkien90
- 💎 Kundakunda (Ācārya Kundakunda; Prakrit Kundakunda / Padmanandin)90
- ❄ Konstantin Nikolayevich Leontiev (Константин Николаевич Леонтьев)89
- ℵ Georg Cantor88
- 🎓 Thomas Reid88
- ☞ Moses Maimonides88
- 💭 René Descartes88
- ☀️ Plotinus88
- ☴ Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa (Pali: Buddhaghosa)86
- 🦢 Martin Luther85
- 🛞 Siddhattha Gotama / Siddhartha Gautama (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), the Buddha85
- ✠ Sir Thomas More (Thomas Morus)85
- 🦂 Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus)84
- 💡 Mulla Sadra84
- ⌛ Samuel Clarke84
- 🚬 Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe84
- 🖼️ John of Damascus83
- ⊚ Kwame Gyekye83
- 🚲 Ivan Illich83
- 🌳 Johannes Scotus Eriugena81
- 🧶 Kabir (Kabir Das)81
- 🐑 Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville81
- 🔆 Zärʾä Yaʿqob80
- 和 Wonhyo (元曉)80
- 🕮 Johann Georg Hamann80
- ⛵ Edward Wilmot Blyden80
- ॐ Bhartṛhari (भर्तृहरि)80
- ♫ Johannes Kepler80
- 🧗 Johann Gottlieb Fichte79
- 🕎 Philo of Alexandria79
- ☄ Sir Isaac Newton79
- 🪒 William of Ockham79
- 💊 Ibn Sina (Avicenna)79
- 🎶 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz79
- 信 Shinran (親鸞)79
- 🧎 Joseph Butler79
- 👤 Emmanuel Levinas79
- 🗺 Andrés de Jesús María y José Bello López79
- 🐎 Xuanzang78
- 🌙 Levi ben Gershon (Ralbag)78
- 🌄 Jakob Böhme75
- 🌹 Mary Wollstonecraft75
- 💠 Anton Wilhelm Amo75
- 🪷 Hōnen Shōnin (Genku)75
- 🐚 Madhva (Madhvacharya)75
- ♃ Marsilio Ficino75
- 🧘 Tsongkhapa Lobsang Drakpa75
- 🔦 Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi75
- 🌷 Edith Stein (Teresa Benedicta)75
- 📡 Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi75
- ☸ Bidiya Dandarovich Dandaron75
- ❦ John Calvin75
- 🪴 Porphyry of Tyre75
- ☧ Clement of Alexandria75
- 🪐 Proclus Lycius Diadochus75
- 🎹 Pythagoras of Samos75
- 🪢 Patañjali75
- 識 Vasubandhu75
- 🔇 Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus-era)75
- ⛪ John Zizioulas75
- ⚔️ Taqi ad-Din Ibn Taymiyyah75
- 🐐 Rene Girard75
- 🌪️ Lev Shestov75
- 🦁 C.S. Lewis75
- 🪓 Fyodor Dostoevsky75
- 🔮 Helena Blavatsky75
- ♄ Simone Weil75
- Duns Scotus75
- 🌅 Origen of Alexandria75
- 📖 Ibn Rushd (Averroes)75
- 🕉️ Adi Shankara75
- 🌞 Tommaso Campanella75
- 🌿 William James75
- ☥ René Guénon75
- 🦘 Søren Kierkegaard75
- ⭕ Parmenides of Elea75
- 🦉 Aristotle75
- 🎯 Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre75
- 🔱 Lalleshwari (Lal Ded)75
- 🐘 Aśoka Maurya (अशोक; in his own inscriptions Devānāṃpiya Piyadasi)75
- ✵ Emanuel Swedenborg (born Emanuel Swedberg)72
- 🧵 Mohandas K. Gandhi70
- 🪯 Guru Nanak (ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ), Nanak Dev70
- 📏 Immanuel Kant69
- ☿ Hermes Trismegistus67
- ◐ Nicholas of Cusa67
- 🗞️ Thomas Paine67
- ✒️ José Rizal64
- ⊙ Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi63
- 🎧 Gabriel Marcel63
- 🪧 Enrique Dussel63
- 坐 Dogen Zenji63
- 🪁 Benjamin Franklin63
185 thinkers have no sourced position on this axis and are omitted rather than guessed.