Truth
Subjective (0) — Objective (100) · one of the 20 worldview axes
The six statements
Each axis is measured by six statements answered on a five-point scale. Statements 1, 2 and 5 pull toward Subjective; 3, 4 and 6 toward Objective.
- What counts as true always depends on the culture, perspective, or framework you are speaking from.
- "True for me" and "true for you" can both be valid at once; there is no neutral standpoint to judge between them.
- There are truths about reality that simply are what they are, regardless of what anyone thinks or believes.
- When two cultures disagree about a plain factual claim, at least one of them is genuinely wrong.
- Truth is a tool everyone wields differently in pursuit of their own aims rather than a fixed reality independent of any of us.
- If two witnesses disagree about what time an accident happened, at most one is right; facts don't bend to opinion.
Toward Subjective (13)
- 🫧 Democritus of Abdera0
- 🧍 Protagoras of Abdera0
- 👹 Max Stirner (Johann Kaspar Schmidt)16
- 🧩 Jean-François Lyotard16
- 📊 John Stuart Mill25
- ☂️ Paul Feyerabend25
- 🌱 Gilles Deleuze25
- 🦋 Zhuangzi25
- 🔓 Michel Foucault25
- 🖋️ Michel de Montaigne25
- 🏘️ Robert Nozick25
- 🐖 Pyrrho of Elis29
- ⟳ Jorge Luis Borges35
Between the poles (4)
Toward Objective (158)
- 🍞 Peter Kropotkin100
- Θ Iamblichus of Chalcis100
- 🔭 Mario Augusto Bunge100
- 🕌 Abu Hamid al-Ghazali100
- 💵 Ayn Rand100
- 🦘 Søren Kierkegaard100
- 👁️ George Berkeley100
- 👓 Baruch Spinoza100
- 🙏 Anselm of Canterbury100
- 💘 Augustine of Hippo100
- ⭕ Parmenides of Elea100
- 🏷️ Saul Kripke100
- 🌙 Levi ben Gershon (Ralbag)100
- ⌛ Samuel Clarke100
- 🗞️ Thomas Paine100
- 🛰️ Carl Edward Sagan100
- 🗻 Giulio Cesare Andrea 'Julius' Evola100
- 🗺 Andrés de Jesús María y José Bello López100
- ℵ Georg Cantor97
- 🗡️ Francisco Suárez97
- ⏸️ J.M.E. McTaggart97
- ∫ Albert Einstein97
- 🚬 Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe97
- 🔶 Alexius Meinong97
- 🔢 Bertrand Russell96
- 🏛️ Plato96
- ☴ Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa (Pali: Buddhaghosa)96
- ✎ George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair)96
- ♫ Johannes Kepler96
- ⦿ Nicolas Malebranche96
- ⇄ Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises96
- 🌻 Nichiren95
- 🜂 Zarathustra (Avestan Zaraθuštra; Greek Zoroastres; Middle Persian Zardusht)95
- 🪯 Guru Nanak (ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ), Nanak Dev95
- 🩺 Charaka / Caraka (चरक), redactor of the Carakasamhita (चरकसंहिता)95
- 📈 Florence Nightingale95
- 🚩 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)94
- 📖 Ibn Rushd (Averroes)94
- 🧎 Joseph Butler94
- ☞ Moses Maimonides92
- 💭 René Descartes92
- 🛞 Siddhattha Gotama / Siddhartha Gautama (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), the Buddha92
- 𓂀 William Blake92
- 🎓 Thomas Reid91
- 🪽 Bonaventure of Bagnoregio90
- 🧹 Vardhamana Mahavira (Nigantha Nataputta / Jnatrputra), महावीर वर्धमान90
- ⛓️💥 Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey)90
- 🪒 William of Ockham89
- ⧉ William Edward Burghardt Du Bois89
- 衡 Wang Chong88
- 🔆 Zärʾä Yaʿqob88
- 🔍 Edmund Husserl88
- 退 Yi Hwang (Toegye)88
- 🌗 Galileo Galilei88
- 🌐 David Kellogg Lewis86
- 📰 Christopher Hitchens85
- 🌘 Mani (Middle Persian Mānī; Syriac ܡܐܢܝ Mānī; Greek Μανιχαῖος; Latin Manichaeus)85
- 🌁 John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes85
- Þ John Ronald Reuel Tolkien85
- ⚭ Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (Владимир Сергеевич Соловьёв)85
- 🔔 Motoori Norinaga (本居宣長)85
- ⚑ Thomas Müntzer85
- 💎 Kundakunda (Ācārya Kundakunda; Prakrit Kundakunda / Padmanandin)85
- 同 Kang Youwei (康有為)85
- ✠ Sir Thomas More (Thomas Morus)85
- 🚫 J. L. Mackie84
- 🧬 José Vasconcelos84
- 🌍 Thomas Sankara84
- 🚋 Philippa Ruth Foot84
- ❤️🔥 Harry Gordon Frankfurt84
- 🪛 Sir Francis Bacon83
- 🎶 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz83
- 🦉 Aristotle81
- 🪸 Ernst Haeckel81
- ➗ Henry Sidgwick81
- 🧗 Johann Gottlieb Fichte80
- 💠 Anton Wilhelm Amo80
- ♨️ Heraclitus of Ephesus80
- ✒️ José Rizal79
- 📢 Robert G. Ingersoll75
- 中 Sun Yat-sen75
- ✔️ A. J. Ayer75
- 🌹 Mary Wollstonecraft75
- 🌊 Futa Helu75
- 🐚 Madhva (Madhvacharya)75
- 🦂 Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus)75
- ♃ Marsilio Ficino75
- ⊙ Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi75
- 🔦 Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi75
- 🐎 Xuanzang75
- 🌷 Edith Stein (Teresa Benedicta)75
- 🕎 Philo of Alexandria75
- 🪔 Yajnavalkya75
- 🐢 Ge Hong75
- 💰 Adam Smith75
- ⚱️ Isaac Luria (ha-Ari)75
- 📓 Albert Camus75
- ⚗️ Theophrastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus)75
- 🏯 Raden Ngabehi Ranggawarsita75
- 🪴 Porphyry of Tyre75
- 🃏 François-Marie Arouet75
- ☧ Clement of Alexandria75
- 🪐 Proclus Lycius Diadochus75
- 🎙 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan75
- 🪢 Patañjali75
- 💡 Mulla Sadra75
- 🦅 Marcus Tullius Cicero75
- ⛪ John Zizioulas75
- ⚔️ Taqi ad-Din Ibn Taymiyyah75
- 🛋️ Sigmund Freud75
- 🜍 Baron d'Holbach75
- ♄ Simone Weil75
- 🌳 Johannes Scotus Eriugena75
- Duns Scotus75
- 🌅 Origen of Alexandria75
- ✨ Gregory Palamas75
- 👑 Thomas Hobbes75
- 🌺 Sri Ramakrishna75
- 🧠 Daniel Dennett75
- 🌠 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae75
- 💊 Ibn Sina (Avicenna)75
- 🛕 Ramanuja75
- 🕉️ Adi Shankara75
- 良 Wang Yangming75
- 🌞 Tommaso Campanella75
- 🔣 Charles Sanders Peirce75
- ❌ Karl Popper75
- ☭ Karl Marx75
- 🎭 Arthur Schopenhauer75
- ➿ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel75
- 📏 Immanuel Kant75
- 🗝 John Locke75
- 🔥 Giordano Bruno75
- 🎡 Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius75
- 🐂 Thomas Aquinas75
- ☀️ Plotinus75
- 🍇 Epicurus of Samos75
- ⊚ Kwame Gyekye75
- 🔠 Rudolf Carnap75
- 🧵 Mohandas K. Gandhi75
- 🏴 Mikhail Bakunin75
- 智 Mou Zongsan (牟宗三)75
- 📘 Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar75
- 🎯 Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre75
- 🧶 Kabir (Kabir Das)75
- 🫏 Jean Buridan75
- ⛓️ Friedrich Engels75
- 🦢 Martin Luther75
- 🧊 Maximilian Karl Emil Weber75
- ⚘ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe75
- ⊨ Peter Frederick Strawson75
- ◐ Nicholas of Cusa71
- 🎲 David Hume70
- 🍀 Bernard Arthur Owen Williams69
- ➰ Giovanni Gentile68
- 🕶️ John Rawls67
- 🌸 Nezahualcoyotl65
- 坐 Dogen Zenji63
225 thinkers have no sourced position on this axis and are omitted rather than guessed.