Meaning
Constructed (0) — Inherent (100) · one of the 20 worldview axes
The six statements
Each axis is measured by six statements answered on a five-point scale. Statements 1, 2 and 5 pull toward Constructed; 3, 4 and 6 toward Inherent.
- Purpose is something people make, not something the universe supplies.
- In the end, nothing that happens in a human life ultimately matters on a cosmic scale.
- The universe has a real purpose, and human life has genuine significance within that larger story.
- History is moving toward an end that is not of our own making; we did not invent it and cannot cancel it.
- The sense that life has cosmic significance is produced by the human mind rather than discovered in the world.
- The fact that a question like "what is all this for?" arises in every culture and age suggests it is not a mistake; something in reality calls it forth.
Toward Constructed (69)
- 🎭 Arthur Schopenhauer0
- 🧠 Daniel Dennett0
- 🜍 Baron d'Holbach0
- 🛢️ Diogenes of Sinope0
- 👹 Max Stirner (Johann Kaspar Schmidt)3
- 🛰️ Carl Edward Sagan4
- 🛋️ Sigmund Freud4
- 🕰️ Pierre-Simon Laplace4
- 🥀 E. M. Cioran4
- 🎣 Liu Zongyuan5
- 🚫 J. L. Mackie5
- 🔠 Rudolf Carnap6
- ✔️ A. J. Ayer6
- 🌐 David Kellogg Lewis7
- 衡 Wang Chong7
- 🚪 Jean-Paul Sartre8
- 🔢 Bertrand Russell8
- 📰 Christopher Hitchens9
- 🖤 Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade10
- 📓 Albert Camus10
- 🔭 Mario Augusto Bunge10
- 🏴 Mikhail Bakunin13
- ⚛️ Titus Lucretius Carus13
- 💀 Philipp Mainländer (Philipp Batz)13
- 🍇 Epicurus of Samos15
- 🥸 Friedrich Nietzsche15
- 📽️ Ludwig Feuerbach15
- ➗ Henry Sidgwick16
- 🧊 Maximilian Karl Emil Weber17
- 🗂️ Denis Diderot17
- 🫧 Democritus of Abdera17
- 👓 Baruch Spinoza19
- ⇄ Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises20
- 🎆 Octavio Paz Lozano21
- ⚘ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe25
- 👣 Guo Xiang (郭象), courtesy name Zixuan 子玄25
- 🌁 John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes25
- ❤️🔥 Harry Gordon Frankfurt25
- 🪸 Ernst Haeckel25
- 🚢 Otto Neurath25
- ⚖️ Jeremy Bentham25
- 🎲 David Hume25
- ♀️ Simone de Beauvoir25
- 📊 John Stuart Mill25
- ☭ Karl Marx25
- ✊ Ernesto "Che" Guevara25
- 🌱 Gilles Deleuze25
- 🕸️ Willard Van Orman Quine25
- 🪞 Richard Rorty25
- 🔓 Michel Foucault25
- ✂️ Jacques Derrida25
- 🧱 Xunzi (Xun Kuang)25
- 👑 Thomas Hobbes25
- 🖥️ Jean Baudrillard25
- ◧ Frantz Fanon25
- 🔒 Antonio Gramsci25
- 🧐 Claude Adrien Helvétius25
- 🌋 Georges Bataille25
- Ⓐ Pierre-Joseph Proudhon25
- 🍀 Bernard Arthur Owen Williams28
- ∫ Albert Einstein28
- ❌ Karl Popper28
- 🎻 Theodor W. Adorno28
- 🐉 Laozi31
- 🧩 Jean-François Lyotard31
- 📐 Auguste Comte33
- 📺 Herbert Marcuse33
- 📘 Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar36
- ⛩️ Alan Watts39
Between the poles (6)
- ➰ Giovanni Gentile40
- ✍ Celsus (Kelsos), author of The True Doctrine (Alethes Logos)44
- 📏 Immanuel Kant50
- 🚶 Jean-Jacques Rousseau55
- 气 Wang Fuzhi (Chuanshan)55
- 🏁 Alexandre Kojève58
Toward Inherent (179)
- 🪆 Kurt Gödel100
- 🕯 Juan De La Cruz (John of the Cross)100
- ⚔️ Taqi ad-Din Ibn Taymiyyah100
- 🎈 G.K. Chesterton100
- 🦁 C.S. Lewis100
- ♄ Simone Weil100
- 🌳 Johannes Scotus Eriugena100
- 🎵 Hildegard of Bingen100
- 🖼️ John of Damascus100
- 🎼 Maximus the Confessor100
- 👁️ George Berkeley100
- 🙏 Anselm of Canterbury100
- 🐂 Thomas Aquinas100
- 💘 Augustine of Hippo100
- 🗡️ Francisco Suárez100
- 🧵 Mohandas K. Gandhi100
- 🛖 Heȟáka Sápa (Black Elk)100
- ✶ Dante Alighieri100
- 🌘 Mani (Middle Persian Mānī; Syriac ܡܐܢܝ Mānī; Greek Μανιχαῖος; Latin Manichaeus)100
- 🪯 Guru Nanak (ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ), Nanak Dev100
- ✵ Emanuel Swedenborg (born Emanuel Swedberg)100
- 🕮 Johann Georg Hamann100
- ⛵ Edward Wilmot Blyden100
- ❦ John Calvin97
- 🌌 Hasdai Crescas97
- 🪜 Gregory of Nyssa97
- 🕌 Abu Hamid al-Ghazali97
- 🧲 Anne Conway97
- Θ Iamblichus of Chalcis96
- 💔 Husayn ibn Mansur al-Hallaj96
- 🎙 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan96
- 💡 Mulla Sadra96
- 🫥 Meister Eckhart96
- ✨ Gregory Palamas96
- 智 Mou Zongsan (牟宗三)96
- 🜂 Zarathustra (Avestan Zaraθuštra; Greek Zoroastres; Middle Persian Zardusht)96
- ⚭ Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (Владимир Сергеевич Соловьёв)96
- ♫ Johannes Kepler96
- ⦿ Nicolas Malebranche96
- 🌄 Jakob Böhme95
- 💒 Bernard of Clairvaux95
- 🛤️ Saadia ben Yosef (Saadia Gaon)95
- 🔯 Sri Aurobindo (Aurobindo Ghose)95
- 🔔 Motoori Norinaga (本居宣長)95
- ℵ Georg Cantor94
- 🧮 Mo Di94
- 🌙 Levi ben Gershon (Ralbag)94
- ⌛ Samuel Clarke94
- 🛠 Pelagius94
- ⚑ Thomas Müntzer94
- 同 Kang Youwei (康有為)94
- 🐟 Empedocles of Acragas (Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ὁ Ἀκραγαντῖνος)94
- 🪽 Bonaventure of Bagnoregio93
- 🧎 Joseph Butler93
- 🧒 Maria Montessori93
- ☞ Moses Maimonides92
- 🎡 Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius92
- 🚲 Ivan Illich92
- 𓂀 William Blake92
- 🍄 Terence Kemp McKenna92
- 🎓 Thomas Reid91
- Þ John Ronald Reuel Tolkien91
- 🏚 Valentinus (Οὐαλεντῖνος)90
- 🗻 Giulio Cesare Andrea 'Julius' Evola90
- 🐑 Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville90
- ◐ Nicholas of Cusa88
- ☥ René Guénon88
- 🎶 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz88
- 退 Yi Hwang (Toegye)88
- ❄ Konstantin Nikolayevich Leontiev (Константин Николаевич Леонтьев)88
- 🗺 Andrés de Jesús María y José Bello López88
- 💫 Longchen Rabjam (Longchenpa)86
- ➿ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel86
- 📈 Florence Nightingale86
- 💃 Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi85
- 🏛️ Plato85
- 🏵️ Fazang (法藏)85
- 🌻 Nichiren85
- ∅ Marguerite Porete (Lat. Margareta Porete; of Hainaut)85
- ✠ Sir Thomas More (Thomas Morus)85
- 📅 Charles Fourier84
- 🌲 Ralph Waldo Emerson84
- 🚬 Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe84
- 🪓 Fyodor Dostoevsky83
- ☀️ Plotinus83
- 🐦 Charles Hartshorne81
- 🗞️ Thomas Paine81
- 🔺 Blaise Pascal81
- 🔆 Zärʾä Yaʿqob80
- ☄ Sir Isaac Newton79
- 💊 Ibn Sina (Avicenna)79
- 🦂 Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus)78
- ⏸️ J.M.E. McTaggart78
- 🚀 Nikolai Fyodorov75
- 中 Sun Yat-sen75
- 🧗 Johann Gottlieb Fichte75
- 🌹 Mary Wollstonecraft75
- 💠 Anton Wilhelm Amo75
- 🪪 Hammurabi of Babylon75
- 👥 Plutarch of Chaeronea75
- 🪷 Hōnen Shōnin (Genku)75
- ⚕️ Aelius Galenus of Pergamon75
- 🦬 Vine Deloria Jr.75
- 🐚 Madhva (Madhvacharya)75
- 📙 Leo Strauss75
- ☿ Hermes Trismegistus75
- ♃ Marsilio Ficino75
- 🧘 Tsongkhapa Lobsang Drakpa75
- 🫀 Léopold Sédar Senghor75
- 🌀 Giambattista Vico75
- ⊙ Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi75
- 🌏 Swami Vivekananda75
- 🐎 Xuanzang75
- 🌷 Edith Stein (Teresa Benedicta)75
- 🕎 Philo of Alexandria75
- 天 Dong Zhongshu75
- 🏜️ Abu Zayd Abd ar-Rahman ibn Khaldun75
- 📡 Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi75
- 🏙️ Abu Nasr al-Farabi75
- 🧝 Giovanni Pico della Mirandola75
- ⚱️ Isaac Luria (ha-Ari)75
- 🪨 Martin Heidegger75
- ⚗️ Theophrastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus)75
- 🪴 Porphyry of Tyre75
- 🪺 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling75
- ⚜️ Edmund Burke75
- ☧ Clement of Alexandria75
- 🪐 Proclus Lycius Diadochus75
- 🎹 Pythagoras of Samos75
- ◨ Epictetus of Hierapolis75
- 🪶 Lucius Annaeus Seneca75
- 🎒 Paulo Freire75
- 🪧 Enrique Dussel75
- 密 Kūkai (Kōbō Daishi)75
- 🪢 Patañjali75
- 識 Vasubandhu75
- 理 Zhu Xi75
- ⛪ John Zizioulas75
- 🌈 Desmond Tutu75
- 🌼 Mengzi (Mencius)75
- 🔮 Helena Blavatsky75
- 🥁 John Mbiti75
- 🪒 William of Ockham75
- 🌅 Origen of Alexandria75
- 🌺 Sri Ramakrishna75
- 坐 Dogen Zenji75
- 🛡️ Marcus Aurelius75
- 🛕 Ramanuja75
- 仁 Kongzi (Confucius)75
- 🌞 Tommaso Campanella75
- ⏳ Henri Bergson75
- ⚙️ Alfred North Whitehead75
- 🔣 Charles Sanders Peirce75
- 🦘 Søren Kierkegaard75
- ♨️ Heraclitus of Ephesus75
- 🦉 Aristotle75
- ⊚ Kwame Gyekye75
- ⛏️ Gerrard Winstanley75
- 信 Shinran (親鸞)75
- 👤 Emmanuel Levinas75
- 🎯 Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre75
- ⚫ Zhou Dunyi (周敦頤)75
- ⚒ Hesiod75
- 🦢 Martin Luther75
- अ Abhinavagupta (अभिनवगुप्त)75
- 🜨 Carl Schmitt75
- 🪁 Benjamin Franklin75
- 🐢 Ge Hong72
- 🪛 Sir Francis Bacon72
- 🤝 Martin Buber71
- 🪵 Henry David Thoreau71
- 🌠 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae71
- 🔥 Giordano Bruno71
- 🌰 Sophie Bosede Oluwole70
- 🏭 Robert Owen69
- 📖 Ibn Rushd (Averroes)67
- 🌿 William James65
- 🔇 Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus-era)63
- 🗝 John Locke63
146 thinkers have no sourced position on this axis and are omitted rather than guessed.